70. CSF opening pressure measurement
-
- Normal range: 6 – 25 cm H2O. (T/F?)
- Bacterial meningitis: elevated. (T/F?)
- Viral meningitis: normal or elevated. (T/F?)
- Subarachnoidal hemorrhage : normal. (T/F?)
- Multiple sclerosis: elevated. (T/F?)
- Dehydration: decreased. (T/F?)
69. Neurons and nuclei in the spinal cord
- Onuf’s nucleus is located in Rexed’s lamina IX of the sacral region of the spinal cord and supplies the perineal muscles and the anal and urethral sphincters. (T/F?)
- The posteromarginal nucleus and the substantia gelatinosa are structures in the spinal cord where first order neurons of the spinothalamic tract synapse. (T/F?)
- Onuf’s nucleus is the origin of the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers. (T/F?)
- The intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord contains all the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic autonomic system of the body. (T/F?)
- Onuf’s nucleus is sexually dimorphic, males have more motoneurons in them than females. (T/F?)
- Neurons of the Clarke’s columns give rise to the spinothalamic tract. (T/F?)
68. Rexed laminae
- The posteromarginal nucleus is located in Rexed’s lamina I. (T/F?)
- Rexed’s laminae II and III contain substantia gelatinosa (T/F?)
- Nucleus proprius is located in lamina II. (T/F?)
- Motor nuclei are located in lamina IX. (T/F?)
- The spinal accessory nucleus of the accessory nerve is located in lamina VIII in cervical segments. (T/F?)
- Posterior thoracic nucleus (Clarke’s column) is located in lamina VII in thoracic and lumbal segments. (T/F?)
67. Vertebral artery and its branches
- The vertebral artery commonly arises from the subclavian artery. (T/F?)
- After it passes through the foramen magnum and perforates dura mater, the vertebral artery travels along the medulla oblongata, posterior to the hypoglossal nerve. (T/F?)
- It joins the vertebral artery of the opposite side at the pontomedullary sulcus to form the basilar artery. (T/F?)
- The anterior spinal artery if formed from two branches that originate from corresponding vertebral arteries. (T/F?)
- The posterior spinal artery usually originates from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery and sometimes directly from the vertebral artery. (T/F?)
- The posterior inferior cerebellar artery is the largest branch of the vertebral artery. (T/F?)
66. Astrocytomas and their WHO grades
- Pilocytic astrocytoma: WHO grade I. (T/F?)
- Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma: WHO grade I. (T/F?)
- Diffuse astrocytoma, IDH mutant: WHO grade II. (T/F?)
- Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: WHO grade II. (T/F?)
- Anaplastic astrocytoma, IDH mutant: WHO grade III. (T/F?)
- Anaplastic pleomorpic xanthoastrocytoma: WHO grade III. (T/F)
65. Symptoms and signs of the cauda equina syndrome
- Low back pain. (T/F?)
- Saddle anesthesia. (T/F?)
- Sciatic pain, bilaterally or on one side. (T/F?)
- Urinary retention. (T/F?)
- Constipation. (T/F?)
- Increased ankle reflex on both sides. (T/F?)
64. Cavernous sinus (Gray-571)
63. Pupillary reflexes
- The consensual light response is reflexive constriction of both pupils when only one eye is illuminated. (T/F?)
- Direct light response is normally slightly more vigorous and more marked than indirect, consensual response. (T/F?)
- Afferent limb of light reflex arch consist of small fraction of optic tract axons that synapse on the neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nuclei. (T/F?)
- Neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nuclei give postganglonic parasympathetic fibers that travel further in the oculomotor nerve. (T/F?)
- The tonic (Adie) pupil is larger than unaffected pupil. (T/F?)
- Argyll-Robertson pupils show light-near dissociation. (T/F?)
62. Complete oculomotor nerve palsy will result in:
- Ptosis of the ipsilateral eyelid. (T/F?)
- Displacement of the affected eye laterally and downwards. (T/F?)
- Dilatation of the pupil of the affected eye. (T/F?)
- Unresponsiveness to light of the dilated pupil. (T/F?)
- Inability to gaze downwards with the affected eye. (T/F?)
- Normal ability to gaze laterally with affected eye and normal reaction of affected pupil to accommodation.(T/F?)