- The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a nonpermeable membrane that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS). (T/F?)
- The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is a barrier that separates blood from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). (T/F?)
- Capillary endothelial cells in the brain are linked by tight junctions which normally do not exist in the rest of the circulation. (T/F?)
- Area postrema and amygdala are parts of the brain that lack normal blood-brain barrier. (T/F?)
- When the meninges are inflamed the blood-brain barrier can be disrupted, which can increase the penetration of the antibiotics into the brain tissue. (T/F?)
- Disruption of the blood-brain barrier is characteristic for myasthenia gravis. (T/F?)
78. Blood supply of the central nervous system (I)
- Parts of the primary motor cortex that control movement of the legs are supplied by branches of the anterior cerebral artery. (T/F?)
- The recurrent artery of Heubner is a branch of the anterior cerebral artery. (T/F?)
- The anterior choroidal artery originates from the anterior cerebral artery. (T/F?)
- The Vidian artery is the artery of the pterygoid canal. (T/F?)
- The Broca’s area is supplied by the branches of the anterior cerebral artery. (T/F?)
- The primary visual cortex is supplied by branches of the posterior cerebral artery. (T/F?)
77. Circle of Willis (Gray-519)
76. Circle of Willis
- Terminal branches of the internal carotid artery are the anterior cerebral artery and the median cerebral artery. (T/F?)
- The anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries. (T/F?)
- Arterial branches from the anterior communicating artery supply optic chiasm with arterial blood. (T/F?)
- The posterior communicating artery connects the middle cerebral artery and the posterior cerebral artery. (T/F?)
- The pontine arteries arise from the posterior communicating arteries. (T/F?)
- The posterior cerebral artery arises from the basilar artery. (T/F?)
75. Branches of the internal carotid artery
- Anterior choroidal artery. (T/F?)
- Anterior hypophyseal artery. (T/F?)
- Posterior hypophyseal artery. (T/F?)
- Superior hypophyseal artery. (T/F?)
- Anterior communicating artery. (T/F?)
- Posterior communicating artery. (T/F?)
74. Entry and exit points of cranial nerves, arteries and veins (I)
- Supraorbital artery: Supraorbital foramen. (T/F?)
- Ophtalmic nerve: optic canal. (T/F?)
- Mandibular nerve: foramen ovale. (T/F?)
- Middle meningeal artery: foramen spinosum. (T/F?)
- Accessory nerve: foramen ovale. (T/F?)
- Hypoglossal nerve: jugular foramen. (T/F?)
73. Descending neural pathways
- The posterior funiculus contains two descending tracts: the interfascicular fasciculus and the septomarginal fasciculus. /T/F?)
- The lateral corticospinal tract is organized somatotopically, cervical segments are located laterally and sacral segments medialy. (T/F?)
- The rubrospinal tract is situated in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord. (T/F?)
- The lateral vestibulospinal tract runs the entire length of the spinal cord. (T/F?)
- The medial vestibulospinal tract runs down only to the cervical segments of the spinal cord. (T/F?)
- Spinospinal tracts are collections of fibers that connect various levels of the spinal cord and they are present in all spinal funiculi (posterior, lateral and anterior). (T/F?)
72. Sensory pathways (II)
- The thalamus contains the second order neurons of the sensory pathways. (T/F?)
- The cuneate fasciculus (fasciculus cuneatus) is located in the posterior white column of the spinal cord and carries information from the lower limbs. (T/F?)
- The posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts and the lateral spinothalamic tract are located in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord. (T/F?)
- The spinocerebellar tracts carry unconscious proprioception from the whole body to the cerebellum. (T/F?)
- The anterior spinothalamic tract and the spino-olivary tract are located in the anterior funiculus. (T/F?)
- The spino-olivary tract carries proprioception information from muscles and tendons to the olive. (T/F?)
71. Scheme of the brainstem with the nuclei of the cranial nerves, lateral and medial lemniscus (Gray-713)
69. Neurons and nuclei in the spinal cord
- Onuf’s nucleus is located in Rexed’s lamina IX of the sacral region of the spinal cord and supplies the perineal muscles and the anal and urethral sphincters. (T/F?)
- The posteromarginal nucleus and the substantia gelatinosa are structures in the spinal cord where first order neurons of the spinothalamic tract synapse. (T/F?)
- Onuf’s nucleus is the origin of the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers. (T/F?)
- The intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord contains all the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic autonomic system of the body. (T/F?)
- Onuf’s nucleus is sexually dimorphic, males have more motoneurons in them than females. (T/F?)
- Neurons of the Clarke’s columns give rise to the spinothalamic tract. (T/F?)