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51. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrom

  1. Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome is characterized by the presence of Wernicke’s aphasia and Korsakoff’s syndrome in the patient. (T/F?)
  2. Classical signs of Wernicke’s encephalopathy are ophthalmoplegia, aphasia and confusion. (T/F?)
  3. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by thiamine deficiency. (T/F?)
  4. In the west, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome usually develops secondary to alcohol abuse. (T/F?)
  5. Brain damage caused by thiamine deficiency typically occurs in Wernicke’s area of the cortex. (T/F?)
  6. Patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome exhibit variable degree of retrograde amnesia but never anterograde amnesia. (T/F?)

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50. Aphasia

  1. Wernicke’s aphasia is also called receptive aphasia. (T/F?)
  2. Wernicke’s aphasia  is characterized by fluent, but nonsensical, oral and written expression. (T/F?)
  3. Broca’s aphasia is expressive aphasia.(T/F?)
  4. Patients suffering from Broca’s aphasia characteristically exhibit so called “telegraphic speech”. (T/F?)
  5. Creation of neologisms is characteristic for Broca’s aphasia. (T/F?)
  6. Global aphasia impacts expressive and receptive language and reading, but not writing. (T/F?)

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48. Sensory pathways (I)

  1. First-order sensory neurons from the limbs and trunk have their cell bodies in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. (T/F)
  2. Lateral spinothalamic tract conveys sensations of  touch and pressure. (T/F)
  3. Anterior spinothalamic tract conveys sensations of  pain and temperature. (T/F)
  4. Gracile nuclei are located lateraly to the cuneate nuclei.  (T/F)
  5. Second-order sensory neurons with cell bodies in the gracile and cuneate nuclei cross the midline and ascend in the thalamic radiation. (T/F)
  6. Third-order sensory neurons project from the thalamus to contralateral cerebral cortex. (T/F)

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47. Dural venous sinuses

  1. The inferior sagittal sinus drains to the straight sinus (sinus rectus) ?
  2. The great cerebral vein (vena Galeni) drains to the straight sinus ?
  3. The cavernous sinus drains to the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses ?
  4. The transverse sinus drains to the sigmoid sinus ?
  5. The sigmoid sinus drains to the internal jugular vein ?
  6. The inferior petrosal sinus drains to the internal jugular vein ?

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46. Motor innervation of the lower limb (I)

  1. Sartorius muscle: Femoral nerve ?
  2. Gracilis muscle: Obturator nerve ?
  3. Gluteus maximus muscle: Superior gluteal nerve ?
  4. Quadriceps femoris muscle: Femoral nerve ?
  5. Tibialis anterior muscle:  Tibial nerve ?
  6. Tibialis posterior muscle: Tibial nerve ?

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45. Some juvenile epilepsy syndroms and some of their typical characteristics

  1. West syndrom (Infantile spasms): EEG typically shows slow spike-wave complexes?
  2. West syndrom (Infantile spasms): is typically treated with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), oral prednisone, or vigabatrin ?
  3. Absence seizures (Petit mal): EEG shows a very characteristic pattern with generalized 4–6 Hz polyspike and slow wave discharges?
  4. Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS): characterized by a triad of signs – frequent seizures of multiple types, a distinctive EEG pattern and mental retardation?
  5. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME): patients usually have normal intelligence?
  6. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME): EEG shows hypsarrhythmia?

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44. Seizure types

Differences between terminology in the old* and the new** classification of epilepsy:

  1. Generalized —> Generalized. (T/F?)
  2. Simple –> Aware. (T/F?)
  3. Complex –> Impaired awareness. (T/F?)
  4. Partial –> Focal. (T/F?)
  5. Simple partial –> Focal aware. (T/F?)
  6. Complex partial –> Focal impaired awareness. (T/F?)
  7. Secondarily generalized tonic-clonic –> Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic. (T/F?)

*”Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures”, from the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy, 1981.

**”2017 Revised Classification of Seizures”, International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE)

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43. Brain tumors and grades (II)

According to “The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System”:

  1. Glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype: WHO grade IV ?
  2. Glioblastoma, IDH-mutant: WHO grade IV ?
  3. Pineoblastoma : WHO grade IV ?
  4. Anaplastic (malignant) meningioma: WHO grade IV ?
  5. Medulloblastoma: WHO grade IV ?
  6. Choroid plexus carcinoma: WHO grade IV ?

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42. CT numbers and letters

  1. The Hounsfield scale is a quantitative scale for describing radiodensity of different tissues and materials ?
  2. The radiodensity of distilled water is defined as 100 Hounsfield units (HU) ?
  3. The radiodensities of  white and gray matter in the brain are different ?
  4. “Windowing” allows users to expand the CT data sets low dynamic range ?
  5. The default brain window is 80 W 40 L ?
  6. The Hounsfield scale does not apply to cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans ?

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